Brazil

Climate policy in Brazil

Brazil has a legal and institutional framework that articulates its international compromises with national instruments of mitigation and adaptation. Law nº 12.187/2009 establishes the National Climate Policy (PNMC), although the National Climate Determination (NDC) section provides a reduction in net emissions of winter-effect gases from between 59% and 67% to 2035 respecting 2005, maintaining the object of alcanzar emissions net of zero in 2050 (Federative Republic of Brazil, 2024).

The government is based on a multilevel institutional architecture that articulates ministries, states, municipalities and social actors in ambitos such as forests, agriculture, energy, territorial organization and land management. The Interministerial Climate Climate Committee (CIM) constitutes the main federal body of coordination, with instruments such as the PPCDAm determining the importance of combining monitoring, taxation and interinstitutional coordination to reduce deforestation. However, the implementation capacity varies depending on the political context, available resources and the strength of environmental institutions (Pereira & Viola, 2024).

This mark has been recently expanded by new provisions for adaptation and regulation of emissions, between Law nº 14.904/2024 and Law nº 15.042/2024, which was created by the Brazilian Gas Emissions System of Invernadero (SBCE). These reforms refuse the coordination between government levels and public and private actors, and incorporate economic instruments into the reduction of emissions. The main problem lies in guaranteeing coherence between sectors, institutional continuity and effective implementation capacity against the tensions between environmental conservation and determined economic activities (Brasil, 2024).

• Brazil. (2024). Leis nº 14.904/2024 and nº 15.042/2024. Presidency of the Republic.
• Federative Republic of Brazil. (2024). Brazil's second nationally determined contribution (NDC). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
• Pereira, JC, & Viola, E. (2024). From protagonist to laggard, from pariah to phoenix: Emergence, decline, and re-emergence of Brazilian climate change policy, 2003–2023. Latin American Policy, 15(3), 400–422.

National climate policy timeline

The instruments studied in Brazil

APIICC worldwide